The mononuclear phagocyte system consists of monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. The main functions of monocyte and macrophages include chemotaxis, phagocytosis, endocytosis, secretion of factors that modulate inflammatory responses and microbial killing; all of which are integral to homeostasis, immune defence and tissue repair [1]. In humans, monocytes were initially defined on the basis of morphology (size and density) as well as intracellular monocyte-specific esterase, for instance. Expression level of CD64 (FcRI) was used for some time where CD64+ cells were larger and more phagocytic than smaller CD64− cells, which preferentially expressed MHC-I/II and secreted type 1 interferons. Nowadays, flow cytometry using anti-CD14 (directed to the LPS-binding domain) and CD16 (FcRIII-binding domain) antibodies has given three classifications namely, CD14++/CD16−(classical), CD14++/CD16+(intermediate) and CD14low/CD16++(non-classical)[2, 3]. Typically, CD14++ monocytes (classical and intermediate) represent 90% of blood monocytes and are responsible for phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species production as well as pro-inflammatory cytokine production in response to LPS via a classical MyD88-, p38-, and NF-B dependent pathway. Within this subset, CD14++/CD16− cells are responsible for the bulk of ROS, IL-8, and IL-6 production whilst the CD14++/CD16+ subset produce TNF and IL-1, in response to LPS [4]. In contrast, non-classical monocytes, which constitute the remaining 5-10% monocytes, are less phagocytic compared to CD14++/CD16− cells and do not produce appreciable levels of reactive oxygen species, lysozyme or cytokines in response to cell-surface Toll-like receptor (TLR1, 2 and 4) agonists. Instead, these CD14low/CD16++ nonclassical monocytes selectively secrete TNF, IL-1 and CCL3 in response to viruses and immune complexes containing nucleic acids, via a pro-inflammatory TLR7-TLR8-MyD88-MEK pathway